int main() { int x = 1; // ======= pointer ======= int *ptr_x = &x; // or // int *ptr_x; // ptr_x = &x; here &x means address of x // use the pointer syntax to manipulate *ptr_x = *ptr_x + 1; // ======= reference ======= // ref_x is a reference to an existing variable int& ref_x = x; ref_x = ref_x + 1; return 0; }